- Ryota Nakanishi (Grace)
- May 11
- 9 min read
Open-source intelligence (OSINT)
🔻 IMPORTANT 【重要】HK Spies
▪️My Conclusion:
HK Spies
The two men involved in the high-profile UK "Hong Kong spy" case, Bill Yuen and Peter Wai, were found guilty on May 7, 2026. The most intriguing aspect pertains to the distinction between foreign interference and the provision of assistance to a foreign intelligence service. This clarification also serves as a political signal, indicating the potential for further diplomatic negotiations between China and the UK without resulting in irreversible ramifications. This is due to the fact that bilateral relations are currently in a state of normality. In the context of the definition of 'spy', the key issue is the abuse of homeland databases by Peter Wai, who was at the time an active UK Border Force officer, for the purpose of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. Moreover, it is evident that any foreign agencies and their paid representatives or operatives are, in general, automatically defined as 'foreign agents'. Consequently, the designation of these individuals as 'Hong Kong spies' is both rational and indisputable. Moreover, the definition of 'foreign interference' remains ambiguous in Hong Kong. In the UK and the US, the concept is predominantly understood in the context of foreign governments attempting to influence domestic elections through arguably illegitimate methods. "Foreign interference" is a distinct offence that necessitates the demonstration of the defendants' utilization of coercion, threats, or deception to exert influence on UK democratic processes or the rights of individuals. This is in stark contrast to the abusive use of the term 'foreign interference' in the present day. As was outlined in the preceding discussion, Hong Kong media and the wider establishment appear to disregard the issue of crony capitalism in the city, a factor which has been identified as contributing to the abuse of national security resources in the UK. In the May 2026 "Hong Kong spy" trial, the appellation "Tina" is a reference to Tina Zou (also identified as Tina Zhou or Tina Tian Zou), a prominent Beijing-based Australian millionaire and businesswoman. Despite being apprehended by law enforcement authorities during the police raid, Zou was never formally charged with a criminal offence and subsequently departed the UK. During the trial, prosecutors asserted that at the time of the defendant's arrest, the available evidence was inadequate to substantiate charges. The incident under discussion is rooted in Tina's personal relationship with Bill Yuen, the purpose of which was to collect a ‘debt’ owed by the target (her ex-assistant was accused of fraud). It therefore cannot be considered to constitute conscious 'transnational aggression'. Subsequent integration into the political context is a notable feature of this phenomenon. From the Hong Kong perspective, the issue of accountability remains unaddressed. The question that arises is why Tina exploited national security resources and transformed the operatives into 'debt sharks'.
▪️ The individuals referred to as "Hong Kong spies" in the UK—specifically Bill Yuen and Peter Wai—were not found guilty of foreign interference because the jury was unable to reach a verdict on that specific charge. [1, 2]
However, both men were found guilty of a more serious charge: assisting a foreign intelligence service under the UK's National Security Act 2023. This was the first ever conviction under this new legislation. [3, 4, 5]
Key Details of the Trial Results (May 2026)
Convicted of Espionage: The jury at the Old Bailey found Yuen (a manager at the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office) and Wai (a UK Border Force officer) guilty of helping Hong Kong and Chinese intelligence by surveilling pro-democracy dissidents.
Deadlocked on Interference: The charge of "foreign interference" specifically related to an incident where the men allegedly forced entry into a home in Yorkshire to find a woman accused of fraud in Hong Kong. After 23 hours of deliberation, the jury failed to agree on whether this act constituted illegal "interference" under the law.
Prosecution Dropped the Charge: Following the deadlock, prosecutors announced they would not seek a retrial for the foreign interference charge, as the men were already facing potentially long sentences for the espionage convictions.
Third Defendant: A third man, Matthew Trickett, was also charged but died in a park shortly after his initial court appearance in 2024, leading to the charges against him being dropped. [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Why the Distinction Matters
In the UK, "assisting a foreign intelligence service" focuses on the covert support given to another country's spies. "Foreign interference" is a separate offense that requires proving the defendants used coercion, threats, or deception to influence UK democratic processes or people's rights. While the jury was convinced they were helping foreign agents (spying), they were not satisfied that the specific break-in attempt met the legal threshold for "interference". [3, 10, 11, 12, 13]
[10] https://www.scmp.com
▪️The jury split on the "foreign interference" charge because they could not reach a unanimous or majority agreement on whether the defendants' specific actions met the strict legal definition of "interference" under the UK's new National Security Act 2023. [1]
While the jury was convinced the men were spying (assisting a foreign intelligence service), they were deadlocked on the interference charge for several specific reasons: [2, 3, 4]
1. The Legal Threshold for "Interference"
Under the National Security Act 2023, a "foreign interference" conviction requires proving that the defendants used prohibited conduct (like coercion, threats, or deception) with the specific intent to interfere with someone's rights or a public function. [5, 6]
The Defense Argument: Peter Wai claimed his use of a fake police warrant card was merely to "impress friends and family" rather than to intimidate the target.
Jury Uncertainty: The jury deliberated for nearly 24 hours but could not agree if the botched break-in at a home in Yorkshire was a genuine attempt to "interfere" with the victim's rights or if it was a lower-level criminal act like harassment or simple trespass. [7, 8, 9, 10]
2. Differing Evidence for Different Charges
The jury found the evidence for the other charges much more compelling:
Espionage (Guilty): There was clear digital evidence—including hundreds of thousands of pounds in paymentsand messages calling activists "cockroaches"—proving they were working for Hong Kong intelligence.
Interference (No Verdict): This charge rested heavily on a single incident where they posed as maintenance men to enter a flat. Some jurors may have felt this specific event didn't clearly demonstrate the high-level "interference" the law was designed to target. [4, 7, 11, 12]
3. Prosecution Strategy
Because the defendants were already convicted of the more serious espionage charge, the prosecution decided not to seek a retrial on the deadlocked interference count. Pursuing a second trial for a secondary charge was likely seen as an inefficient use of resources given that the primary goal—convicting them of being foreign agents—had already been achieved. [13, 14, 15]
▪️The case of Bill Yuen and Peter Wai is considered unprecedented for several historic legal and diplomatic reasons: [1]
1. First-Ever Convictions for Spying for China [2, 3]
This case marks the first time in British history that individuals have been found guilty in a court of law of spying specifically for China. While there have been long-standing allegations of Chinese espionage, this was the first successful prosecution to reach a conviction for such activities on UK soil. [1, 2, 4]
2. Landmark Use of the National Security Act 2023
The convictions were the first under the UK's new National Security Act 2023, which was designed to modernize espionage laws for the first time since 1911. [5, 6]
Assisting a Foreign Intelligence Service: Yuen and Wai were convicted under a new provision that makes it illegal to work covertly for, or materially support, a foreign intelligence agency, even if "protected information" (like state secrets) was not stolen.
"Shadow Policing": The case exposed a network of "shadow policing" where the defendants allegedly carried out surveillance and intimidation of pro-democracy activists on behalf of the Hong Kong government. [7, 8, 9, 10]
3. Involvement of an Active UK Border Force Official
One of the defendants, Peter Wai, was an active UK Border Force officer at the time of the offenses. He was found guilty of misconduct in public office for misusing government databases—such as the Home Office's computer systems—to search for information on dissidents to pass to Hong Kong authorities. [2, 10, 11, 12]
4. Direct Link to Official Trade Offices [13]
The case directly implicated the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office (HKETO) in London, an official representative body of the Hong Kong government. Bill Yuen was a senior manager at the HKETO, and evidence showed he funneled nearly £100,000 from the office to fund the surveillance operations. This has led to unprecedented calls for the UK to review the diplomatic privileges and immunities granted to the HKETO. [1, 4, 14, 15, 16]
5. High-Profile Targets and Bounties
The surveillance targets included prominent figures like Nathan Law, a pro-democracy activist who has a HK$1,000,000 bounty on his head from Hong Kong police. The trial highlighted the reality of "transnational repression"—where a foreign state targets its critics living safely in another country. [4, 12, 15, 17]
The sentencing for both men is expected to take place shortly, with the espionage convictions carrying a maximum penalty of 14 years in prison. [11, 18]
[14] https://www.scmp.com
[16] https://x.com
▪️ 為什麼在英國的「香港間諜」沒有被判「境外干預」罪？
在英國被稱為「香港間諜」的被告（袁松彪與衛志良），其「境外干預罪」之所以未成立，是因為陪審團無法就該罪名達成一致裁決（Deadlocked）。
間諜罪成立： 兩人被裁定**「協助外國情報機關」**罪名成立。這是英國《2023年國家安全法》實施後的首宗定罪，證明了他們確實私下協助香港/中國情報部門監視在英的民主派人士。
境外干預罪分歧： 該罪名涉及他們涉嫌強行闖入一名被香港指控詐騙的女子在約克郡的寓所。陪審團在經過 23 小時的討論後，無法達成共識認為這項行為是否符合法律定義中具「脅迫、威脅或欺騙」性質的「干預」。
控方放棄重審： 由於兩人的間諜罪已成，且面臨長期監禁，控方決定不再針對「境外干預」這項罪名申請重審。
▪️ 為什麼英國這宗案件具有「前所未有」的意義？
這宗案件被視為史無前例，主要有以下五個原因：
首宗中國間諜定罪： 這是英國歷史上首次在法庭上正式裁定個人為中國（及香港）政府從事間諜活動。
新國安法的首例： 這是英國《2023年國家安全法》實施後的第一宗成功檢控，測試了新法律中關於「外國情報活動」的紅線。
邊境執法人員涉案： 其中一名被告衛志良是現職的英國邊境部隊（Border Force）官員，他利用職權進入政府數據庫搜集異見人士資料，情節嚴重。
涉及官方經貿辦（HKETO）： 另一名被告袁松彪是香港駐倫敦經濟貿易辦事處的行政經理。證據顯示他動用辦事處近 10 萬英鎊的資金資助監視行動，這直接衝擊了經貿辦的地位。
跨境鎮壓實體化： 案件披露了香港政府如何透過賞金（如針對羅冠聰的百萬懸紅）和海外網絡，對身在海外的批評者進行「跨境鎮壓」。
▪️我的結論：
涉及英國這起備受矚目的「香港間諜」案的兩名男子——袁松彪（Bill Yuen）與衛志良（Peter Wai）——於2026年5月7日被判有罪。最引人入勝之處在於「外國干預」與「向外國情報機構提供協助」之間的區別。這項澄清同時也發出了政治訊號，顯示中英兩國有望進行進一步的外交協商，且不會因此引發不可逆轉的後果。這是因為當前雙邊關係處於正常狀態。就「間諜」的定義而言，關鍵問題在於與衛志良（當時身為英國邊境部隊現役人員）為香港特別行政區（香港特區）政府之目的，濫用本國資料庫。此外，顯而易見的是，任何外國機構及其受薪代表或特工，一般而言都會自動被定義為「外國代理人」。因此，將這些人定性為「香港間諜」既合乎邏輯，亦無可爭辯。再者，「外國干預」在香港的定義仍顯模糊。在英國和美國，該概念主要被理解為外國政府試圖透過可被視為非法的方法，來影響國內選舉。「外國干預」是一項獨立罪行，必須證明被告曾利用脅迫、威脅或欺騙手段，以影響英國的民主程序或個人權利。這與當今對「外國干預」一詞的濫用形成鮮明對比。正如前文所述，香港媒體及主流建制派似乎漠視本港的裙帶資本主義問題，而此因素已被指為導致在英國濫用香港國家安全資源的成因之一。在2026年5月的「香港間諜」審判中，「蒂娜」一詞指的是鄒天（亦被稱為鄒蒂娜或天鄒蒂娜），一位駐北京的知名澳洲百萬富翁兼女商人。儘管鄒蒂娜在警方突擊搜查期間被執法機關拘捕，但她從未被正式指控犯有刑事罪行，其後亦已離開英國。審判期間，檢方主張在被告被捕時，現有證據不足以支持起訴。本案的根源在於鄒天與袁松彪的私人關係，其目的是為了追討目標對象欠下的「債務」（她的前助理被指控詐欺）。因此，此案不能被視為構成有意識的「跨國侵略」或所謂政治干涉的事件。此現象的顯著特徵在於其後續與政治脈絡的交織。從香港的角度來看，問責問題至今仍未獲得解決。由此引發的疑問是：為何蒂娜可動用香港的國家安全資源，並將特工轉變為「討債人」？
